Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is one of the most common — and most underdiagnosed — vascular conditions in the United States. Many patients dismiss early symptoms as normal aging, muscle strain, or simple fatigue. However, PAD is a progressive circulatory disease that can significantly increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and even limb loss if left untreated.
The good news is that PAD is highly treatable when caught early. Understanding the warning signs and risk factors can help you take action before serious complications develop.
If you are experiencing leg discomfort, slow-healing wounds, or circulation concerns, the specialists at Maryland Vascular Specialists provide comprehensive vascular evaluations and advanced treatment options.
What Is Peripheral Artery Disease?
Peripheral Artery Disease occurs when arteries that carry blood to the legs become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This process, known as atherosclerosis, reduces blood flow and limits oxygen delivery to muscles and tissues.
While PAD most commonly affects the legs, it is not just a localized issue. It is often a sign of widespread arterial disease throughout the body. Patients with PAD frequently have an increased risk of coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease as well.
Because PAD develops gradually over time, symptoms may be subtle in the early stages.
What Causes PAD?
The primary cause of Peripheral Artery Disease is atherosclerosis — the gradual buildup of fatty deposits along the artery walls. Over time, plaque narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to circulate efficiently.
Smoking is the most significant risk factor for PAD because it damages the lining of blood vessels and accelerates plaque formation. Diabetes also plays a major role, as high blood sugar levels can injure blood vessels and contribute to narrowing. High cholesterol and high blood pressure further increase strain on the vascular system.
In many cases, PAD results from a combination of these factors developing over years.
Early Signs and Symptoms of PAD
One of the hallmark symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease is claudication — a cramping or aching pain in the legs that occurs during walking and improves with rest. This happens because muscles are not receiving enough oxygen-rich blood during activity.
Other early signs may include leg fatigue, numbness, weakness, or a noticeable difference in temperature between one foot and the other. Some patients develop slow-healing cuts or sores on their toes or feet, which can be an early warning sign of impaired circulation.
As PAD progresses, symptoms may worsen. Persistent pain at rest, skin discoloration, thinning skin, or non-healing ulcers are signs of advanced disease and require immediate medical evaluation.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Peripheral Artery Disease is more common in adults over the age of 50, particularly those with a history of smoking or diabetes. High blood pressure and high cholesterol significantly increase risk, as does a family history of vascular disease.
A sedentary lifestyle and obesity further contribute to poor circulation and vascular strain. Even individuals who feel otherwise healthy may be at risk if they have underlying metabolic conditions.
Because PAD can develop without obvious symptoms, screening is especially important for high-risk individuals.
How PAD Is Diagnosed
Diagnosing PAD is typically straightforward and non-invasive. One of the most common tests is the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), which compares blood pressure readings in the ankle and the arm to identify reduced circulation.
Ultrasound imaging is often used to visualize blood flow in the arteries and detect narrowing or blockages. In more complex cases, advanced imaging such as CT angiography or MR angiography may be recommended to obtain detailed views of the vascular system.
At Maryland Vascular Specialists, advanced diagnostic tools allow for early and accurate detection, helping guide the most appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment Options for Peripheral Artery Disease
Treatment for PAD depends on the severity of the condition and the patient’s overall health.
In early stages, lifestyle changes can significantly improve symptoms and slow disease progression. Structured walking programs have been shown to improve circulation and reduce pain. Smoking cessation is critical, as continued tobacco use dramatically increases the risk of complications. Managing blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure also plays an essential role.
For more advanced cases, minimally invasive procedures can restore blood flow. Angioplasty uses a small balloon to open narrowed arteries, while stents help keep them open. Atherectomy may be used to remove plaque buildup directly. These outpatient procedures typically involve minimal downtime and allow patients to return to daily activities quickly.
In severe cases where arteries are extensively blocked, bypass surgery may be necessary to reroute blood flow around the obstruction.
Why Early Detection Matters
Peripheral Artery Disease is not just about leg discomfort. It is a strong indicator of systemic cardiovascular disease. Patients with PAD face a significantly increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Untreated PAD can also lead to chronic wounds, infection, and tissue damage. In extreme cases, amputation may become necessary. Early detection and treatment dramatically reduce these risks.
If you notice persistent leg pain during walking, slow-healing wounds, or changes in skin color or temperature in your legs, it is important to schedule a vascular evaluation promptly.
How to Protect Your Vascular Health
Preventing or slowing PAD starts with protecting your arteries. Quitting smoking is the single most important step. Regular physical activity, particularly walking, improves circulation and strengthens blood vessels. Maintaining healthy cholesterol and blood pressure levels reduces stress on the arterial walls.
For individuals with diabetes, careful blood sugar control is essential. Annual vascular screenings may be recommended for those at elevated risk.
When to See a Vascular Specialist
You should consider seeing a vascular specialist if you experience leg pain during activity, numbness or weakness in the lower extremities, or wounds that do not heal properly. Even mild symptoms can indicate underlying circulation problems.
At Maryland Vascular Specialists, our team provides comprehensive evaluation and advanced minimally invasive treatments tailored to each patient’s needs. Early intervention can preserve mobility, protect overall cardiovascular health, and improve quality of life.
Schedule Your PAD Evaluation Today
Peripheral Artery Disease is treatable — especially when caught early. If you have concerns about circulation, leg pain, or vascular health, contact Maryland Vascular Specialists to schedule a consultation.
Protecting your circulation today can safeguard your health for years to come.